Case Study Health And The Media Essays - Diets,

Case Study ? Health And The Media Case Study Health and the Media 1. There are many different groups who would contribute to the creation of diet campaigns. Each with their obvious agendas in mind, the primary focus of any organization is making profit on sales. Every organization will try to do anything in their power to sell their product, whether the diet product works or not is a secondary concern. Marketing is everything in business and if a company can get a catchy jingle or a flashy advertisement then they are rewarded with sales and high revenue. Most diet campaigns feature overnight success stories of overweight people turning slim in low budget infomercials. What sets these companies apart from Jenny Craig and Slim Fast are purely based on the campaign efficiency not on the products effectiveness. Drawn below is a flow chart of groups within a weight loss company that function in the development of diet campaigns: 2. Atkins No Carbohydrate Diet for Weight Loss What to do: The Atikins diet plan is a low carbohydrate method. The avoidance of carbohydrates in your diet is structured to keep your body from adding weight. The method includes eating less than 20 grams of carbohydrates per day. Free Meats and Cheeses: The following meats and cheeses have no carbohydrates. Using the Atkins diet plan you may eat as much of the following items as you wish. Meat Fish Fowl Shellfish Eggs Cheese Beef Tuna Chicken Oysters Scrambled Aged & Fresh Pork Salmon Turkey Mussels Fried Cow & Goat Lamb Sole Duck Clams Poached Cream Cheese Bacon Trout Goose Squid Soft Boiled Cottage Cheese Veal Flounder Cornish Hen Shrimp Hard Boiled Swiss Ham Sardines Quail Lobster Deviled Cheddar Venison Herring Pheasant Crab Not Bad Vegetables: A serving of these salad vegetables has 10% or less of your daily carbohydrate limit. Therefor you can eat up to three cups of these without worry. Lettuce Chicory Sorrel Chives Parsley Cucumber Radishes Fennel Peppers Celery Alfalfa Sprouts Mushrooms Olives Other Vegetables: These vegetables have more carbohydrates than the ones above. You'll want to limit your intake of these to about 1 cup per day. Asparagus String beans, wax beans, etc. Cabbage Beet Greens Cauliflower Eggplant Tomato Onion Rhubard Scallions Spinach Summer Squash Zucchini Pumpkin Turnips Avocado Snow Pea Pods Collard Greens Dandelion Greens Broccoli Spaghetti Squash Celery Root Brussel Sprouts Artichoke Hearts Hearts of Palm These foods are high in carbohydrates and should be avoided: Breads Cereals Grains Sugars Candy Pasta Rice Anything with Flour Non-diet soda Juice Fruit Potato Chips Alcohol Canada Food Guide Requirements: Canada Food Guide Atkins Diet Plan Grain 5-12 servings daily i.e. breads, pasta, pizza, bagel, cereal. No grain in diet Vegetables/ Fruit 5-10 servings daily i.e. carrots, cabbage, lettuce, orange, apples, grapes. 1 3 cups daily ( No fruits or juice) i.e. cucumber, radishes, celery, Eggplant. Milk Products 2-4 servings daily i.e. milk, cheese, yogurt As much as you want i.e. Swiss cheese, cheddar cheese, cottage cheese. Meat Alternatives 2-3 servings daily i.e. chicken, beef, eggs, fish, beans. As much as you want i.e. beef, pork , lamb, bacon, fish, eggs. It is obvious to see that the Canada Food Guide has a more healthy and well-balanced plan for a nutritious diet then the Atkins plan. 3. Atkins Dietary Plan may work to help a person loose weight but risks are also evident. With a low carbohydrate diet a person would not have the energy needed to sustain a healthy working environment for their body. Carbohydrates are the bodies premier source of energy, and without them a person would feel severely tired and unable to accomplish strenuous tasks. Simple carbs are the source of quick energy, found in monosaccharides (fruits etc..), polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates stored as fat and glycogen. The elimination of grain from the diet would mean eventual deterioration of the body. Without the glucose within carbohydrates, cellular respiration cannot occur, this is a vital cell operation and essential to our functioning bodies. The Atkins plan may be too severe for my liking but

Aesthetic Music Education and the Influence of Bennett Reimer Essays

Aesthetic Music Education and the Influence of Bennett Reimer Essays Aesthetic Music Education and the Influence of Bennett Reimer Paper Aesthetic Music Education and the Influence of Bennett Reimer Paper An explicit concept since the late 1950s, aesthetic education first developed to provide a strong philosophical foundation for music education and continues to evolve as a solid theoretical orientation for current effective practices. Bennett Reimer has contributed much to the discussion and development of the value of aesthetic education for the teaching and learning of music. Others in music education also support and promote these ideals and focus on developing an improved understanding for music educators. Some scholars oppose the principles of an aesthetic education, recently demonstrated by David Elliott who favors a praxial philosophy of music education centered on musical performance. The work of Reimer shows an influence of these thinkers and illustrates the essential benefits of a professional emphasis on aesthetics, the branch of philosophy especially devoted to studying the value of the arts. With guidance from aesthetics, music educators better understand the value of music and its fundamental role within the school curriculum. With its introduction, aesthetic education provided an understanding of authentic fundamental characteristics of music not previously discussed and encouraged an articulation of those ideas into relevant objectives for teaching and learning. The appearance of Basic Concepts in Music Education (ed. Nelson B. Henry, 1958) and the college text Foundations and Principles of Music Education (Charles Leonard and Robert W. House, 1959) promoted the acceptance of an aesthetic-based philosophy as a guiding theoretical foundation. These significant resources encouraged individuals to put their previous intuitions into effective practice using a shared, progressive concept of musical experience and learning. Many music educators embraced aesthetic education (and continue to do so) because it reinforced the validity of music study in the school curriculum for reasons intrinsic to the art itself. Reimer emphasizes that we (as music educators) need not establish discipleship to one particular person or point of view of aesthetic education. The ideal of Music Education as Aesthetic Education (MEAE) does not exist as a particular collection of fixed certainties; it supports the attitude that philosophical truths develop and transform as we advance and verify new ideas. Many sources (books, journals, articles, etc. ) provide the insight of professional scholars on the fundamental values of music supporting the aesthetic approach. The music educator who commits to MEAE must seek this knowledge to understand the art of music beyond his or her own instincts. Only with that awareness can the teacher adequately portray a genuine representation of the artistic values of music to students. Reimer describes aesthetic education as the development of a sensitivity to the aesthetic qualities of things. He consciously avoids using the term definition yet provides a much-appreciated explanation that achieves that function. Reimer further illustrates that MEAE should encourage our ability to perceive and respond to conditions of musical relationships (e. g. tension-release, expectation-deviation) in perceptible objects and events. Musical works may possess various qualities (such as functional ones), but the primary significance of music should lie in its aesthetic value. If we abandon this unique characterization of music and emphasize its societal role, we risk degrading ourselves as well as our work. As teachers, we mediate the interactions between our students and aesthetic objects and should seek to improve these relationships with different experiences. Yet, we must first ensure that students have the ability to perceive expressive conditions as well as the ability to respond to them. Reimer distinguishes that effective MEAE cultivates a persons ability to yield meanings from (a work of arts) structures of interrelated sounds and to transform words, images, ideas, emotions, and any other socially shared human values by incorporating them as meaningful aspects of musical structure?. Abraham Schwadron also promotes this perception of feeling in music, pioneered by Susanne Langer. He asserts that formal education should address structural approaches to describing responses to music and not the emotive states that may result. That is, teachers should use elements of music to explain qualities of feeling (suspense, deception, resolution, etc. ) and not teach music as the translation of sound into emotion by the composer or the performer (i. e. , how does this music make you feel? ). MEAE should consider extra-musical descriptions, however, when those factors influence the understanding of a particular piece of music or musical process. Once we have created the potential for our students to recognize aesthetic qualities, we must encourage their ability to perceive and respond to those experiences. Teachers must present a variety of musical items and events to develop this aural aptitude. They must also guide the relationship between the student and the aesthetic object as each learner produces, conceptualizes, analyzes and evaluates music. In 1972, this philosophy led Reimer to emphasize the necessity of a unified curriculum in the arts and advocate curriculum development in music education. We observe this influence, years later, in the music section of the National Standards for Arts Education, published in 1994. These (relatively) recent standards, which Reimer helped developed, promote an expansion of the music curriculum and encourage a comprehensive approach to music instruction, which incorporates many characteristics of MEAE. Even with this concept of an inclusive aesthetic education, performance remains the primary curricular activity with which we attempt to realize our goals, especially at the secondary level. This myopic approach neglects other ways that people experience music (e. g. , listening, composing) and often emphasizes skill development over musical understanding. Bennett Reimer declares that, Our past and present mentality about music, so dominated by the performance model, is now beginning to be out of phase with the realities of our art. He offers that we can learn much from the Discipline-Based Art Education movement that recognizes that multi-dimensional curriculum guidelines (which include aspects of history, criticism, and analysis) enhance aesthetic experiencing. Embracing the ideals of MEAE means accepting that all students, not just a small percentage of gifted ones, should have access to the aesthetic qualities of music. By cultivating enjoyment in the majority of students (about 85 percent, Reimer implies) who choose not to perform, we also augment our authentic presence in the school environment. To achieve our aesthetic intentions, a transformation must occur that creates three aspects of a comprehensive music curriculum: the required general music program, the elective performance program and the elective composition program. These components would more accurately represent the three key functions involved in Western music: listening, performing and composing. A complete program of music, aligned with the fundamentals of MEAE, would use performance and composition to enrich the universal musical activity of listening emphasized by the comprehensive general music program.

Outsourcing Can Help America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Outsourcing Can Help America - Research Paper Example Whether American residents like it or not, outsourcing has become a glaring reality to the American people. Many American have lost their jobs because of the outsourcing phenomenon. The research delves on the many advantages of outsourcing American jobs to other countries. Outsourcing can be interpreted as good for American business and America as a whole. First, American companies can generate more salary savings. Companies pay the salaries of their employees. When hiring an American employee, the American companies must comply with American labor laws. The labor laws indicate that the company must comply with the minimum wage law. The minimum wage law gives different rates for each job classification. The minimum wage law was instituted in order to prevent the proliferation of abusive sweat shops. The International Labor Organization spearheaded he establishment of minimum wages in many countries. Consequently, different countries have different minimum wages. Likewise, different c ountries have different wage laws (Neumark 20). The scene shows that the United States minimum wage continued to increase through the years. The minimum wage during 1974 was $2.00 per hour. The minimum wage during 1978 was $ 2.65 per hour. The minimum wage during 1990 was $3.80. The minimum wage during 1997 was $5.15. The minimum wage during 2007 was $5.85. ... The law does not apply or infringe on the minimum wage laws of other countries. China has a lower minimum wage law amount compared to the United States. India has a lower minimum wage figure when compared to the United States minimum wage. Consequently, American companies can take advantage of the other countries lower minimum wage laws (Neumark 25). India continues to be the leading outsourcing destination. The company can hire an India company to do the call center jobs that American can do. With the current information technology advances, people anywhere around the world can communicate with one another live. The use of the internet has ushered in the chat technology and video conferencing technology. Under the new technology, an India call center company can take the calls of the American companies’ online current and future customers. American companies can hire the India companies to sell goods and services of the United States companies’ products online. There a re many outsourcing country destinations. South Africa’s outsourcing costs is higher than India’s outsourcing costs. The Russian outsourcing situation indicates there are more language barrier issues when compared to the English speaking India employees. The Czech Republic outsourcing cost is higher than India’s outsourcing cost. Malaysia’s outsourcing employees has lesser talent pools compared to India’s outsourcing source. Mexico’s outsourcing cost is higher than India’s outsourcing cost (Greene 20). The American companies’ customers would not know if the person answering their online or phone inquiries is working within United States or located in another country (Halvey 18). India has been known to be a

The Role of Mitosis and Miosis In Cancer Tistes Antigen (CTA) Literature review - 1

The Role of Mitosis and Miosis In Cancer Tistes Antigen (CTA) - Literature review Example In this work called "The Role of Mitosis and Meiosis in Cancer Testis Antigen (CTA)" author overviews the connection between differentiation failure and cancer development in patients with testis cancer. Division of germ cells has special features that make this illness distinguished in comparison with the other groups of cancer diseases. It is a well-known fact that the germ cell line derives from the primordial germ cells. These cells basically migrate through the dorsal mesentery of the embryo and then enter the fetal gonad that is developing in the genital ridge. In males, in this genital ridge, the primordial germ cells are enclosed by somatic Sertoli cells and are known as prospermatogonia. These proliferate for a few days and then rest at G0 or G1 of cell cycle until puberty. When the individual attains puberty, the proliferation of the prospermatogonia resumes, thus initiating spermatogenesis. Spermatogonia are the male germline stem cells and they proliferate from puberty al l through the adult life. Two meoitic divisions are involved in this step and a tetraploid of primary spermatocytes are first formed which further undergo meiosis to form haploid sperms. Cancer Testis Antigens or CTAs like MAGE and NY-ESO-1 are basically expressed in these spermatogonia. This tiny investigation is aimed at defining role reasons of CT development in patients, who are included in the high-risk group. Tables, statistics and scientific evidence-based argumentation without any doubt will help you to get the highest A!

Franklin D, Roosevelt on the four freedoms(1941) Assignment

Franklin D, Roosevelt on the four freedoms(1941) - Assignment Example They include freedom of speech and expression where every human being was able to express him/herself all over the world. Second was the freedom of worship as one wish without any interference. He argued individual should be allowed to leadership from the Almighty. Third was the freedom from want which would provide peaceful coexistence among the world populace and the last freedom was the freedom from fear which would reduce disarmament among nations so as to reduce the fear that existed among the residents. The four freedoms influence history in the 20th and 21st centuries. The president was guided by the principles and help America out of seclusion to more ways of acceptance by other countries among them were the European nations during the war. Guided by peace message around the world, Franklin initiated peace talks with various nations’ and leaders such as Churchill that led to formation of the United Nations to monitor world peace. Franklin four pillars of freedom have also formed the major changes that occur around the world. In fact they have formed the major basic human rights in many constitutions. Many governments including the United States considers them to be the fundamentals of a democratic state in the modern era. Any government that denies its citizens the four freedoms is just but a dictatorship regime and is prone to be neglected by the major world nations. Hence, the four freedoms have greatly resulted into democracy and peace around the world. The source of the data enabled us to know exactly who presented the information since it was from a recorded video tape. We were also able to establish the emotions that was involved by Franklin in its quest to have a more better world that do not involved in constant wrangles. However, the source do have some weakness, for instance the author does not exist anymore hence we could not consult him to substantiate his ideas.

History Of Computer Architecture First Generation Information Technology Essay

History Of Computer Architecture First Generation Information Technology Essay In 1945 Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer it was the first general purpose computer designed by Mauchly Echert, built by United States army to calculate  artillery  firing tables for ballistic shells during World War II. The machine was developed using vacuum tubes and relays, and it was programmed to work manually by setting switches. UNIVersal  Automatic  Computer  I (UNIVAC) 1950: It was the first commercial computer developed. John Von Neumann architecture: Goldstine and Von Neumann took the idea of ENIAC and developed concept of storing a program in the memory. Known as the Von Neumann architecture and has been the basis for virtually every machine designed since then. Features: Electron emit devices Data and programs are stored in a single read-write memory Memory contents are addressable by location, regardless of the content itself Machine language/Assemble language Sequential execution Second Generation (1950-1964) Transistors William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invent the transistor that reduce size of computers and improve reliability. First operating Systems: handled one program at a time On-off switches controlled by electricity High level languages Floating point arithmetic Third Generation (1964-1974) Integrated Circuits (IC) Microprocessor chips combines thousands of transistors, entire circuit on one computer ship Semiconductor memory Multiple computer models with different performance characteristics Smaller computers that did not need a specialized room Fourth Generation (1974-present) Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI)/Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) Combines millions of transistors Single-chip processor and the single-board computer emerged Creation of the Personal Computer (PC) Wide spread use of data communications Artificial intelligence: Functions logic predicates Object-Oriented programming: Objects operations on objects Massively parallel machine 32 bit architecture In computing 32 bit architecture refers to how a computer is build. In a 32 bit architecture computer the integer values can be stored in 32bits is 0 through 4,294,967,295 or à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2,147,483,648 through 2,147,483,647 using twos complement encoding. Bus architecture In  computer architecture a  bus  refers to structure handling data transmission between components inside a  computer system, or computer network which transmit binary numbers, one bit per wire. Modern computer buses can use both parallel and bit-serial connections, and can be wired in either a electrical parallel or  daisy chain  topology, or connected by switched hubs, as in the case of  USB. A microprocessor communicates with memory and other devices (input and output) using three busses: Address Bus Data Bus Control Bus. Address Bus   The address bus  is a  computer bus, which consist series of lines connecting two or more devices that is used to specify a  physical address. When R3900  processor   needs to read or write to a memory location, it specifies that memory location on the address bus sent through the  data bus. The width of the address bus determines the amount of memory a system can address. In toshiba R3900 Processor Core address bus can address 232  (4,294,967,296) memory locations which is 32bit. If each memory address holds one byte, the addressable memory space is 4 GB. Address bus is unidirectional, numbers only sent from microprocessor to memory, not other way. Data Bus A data bus is a  computer  subsystem that allows for the transferring of data from one component to another on a  motherboard  or system board. Data bus used to transmit data, information, results of arithmetic, etc, between memory and the microprocessor This can include transferring data to and from the memory, or from the  central processing unit  (CPU) to other components, it is bi-directional. The R3900 data bus is designed to handle so many bits of data at a time. The amount of data a data bus can handle is called bandwidth. The toshiba 32 bits R3900  processor  can transfer data through a data bus every second. At the same time they are making data buses to handle more bits, they are also making devices that can handle those higher bitrates Control Bus A  control bus  is (part of) a  computer bus, used by  CPUs  for communicating with other devices within the computer. The control bus will tell the memory that we are either reading from a location, specified on the address bus, or writing to a location specified. Various other signals to control and coordinate the operation of the system. The R3900 32 bit buss, which allow larger number of instructions, more memory location, and faster arithmetic. Microcontrollers organized along same lines, except: because microcontrollers have memory etc inside the chip, the busses may all be internal. In the microprocessor the three busses are external to the chip (except for the internal data bus). In external busses, the chip connects to the busses via buffers, which are simply an electronic connection between external bus and the internal data bus. Memory management unit  (MMU) Memory management unit  (MMU) is also called as  paged memory management unit  (PMMU), is a  computer hardware component responsible for handling accesses to  memory  requested by the  CPU. Its functions include translation of  virtual addresses  to  physical addresses  (i.e.,  virtual memory  management),  memory protection,  cache  control,  bus  arbitration, and, in simpler computer architectures, bank switching. The functions performed by the memory management unit can typically be divided into three areas: hardware memory management operating system  memory management application memory management The Toshiba R3900 Processor Core Operating Modes The R3900 Processor Core has two operating modes user mode kernel mode It operates in the user mode normally, when exception is detected it changes to kernel mode. In kernel mode, it continues until an RFE (Restore from Exception) instruction is executed. The existing virtual address space varies with the mode. User mode User mode exist only one of the two 2 Gbyte virtual address spaces (kuseg). The most considerable bit of each kuseg address is 0. The range virtual address kuseg is of 0x0000 0000 to 0x7FFF FFFF. Attempting to access an address when the MSB is 1 while in user mode returns an Address Error exception. Kernel mode Kernel mode makes available a second 2 Gbyte virtual address space (kseg), in addition to the kuseg accessible in user mode. The range virtual address kuseg is of 0x8000 0000 to 0xFFFF FFFF. Direct Segment Mapping The Toshiba R3900 Processor Core has a direct segment mapping MMU. User mode One 2 Gbyte virtual address space (kuseg) is available in user mode. In this mode, the most important bit of each kuseg address is 0. The virtual address range of kuseg is 0x0000 0000 to 0x7FFF FFFF. Attempting to access an address outside of this range, that is, with the MSB is 1, while in user mode will raise an Address Error exception. Virtual addresses 0x0000 0000 to 0x7FFF. FFFF are translated to physical addresses 0x4000 0000 to 0xBFFF FFFF, individually. The upper 16-Mbyte area of kuseg (0x7F00 0000 to 0x7FFF FFFF) is reserved for on-chip resources and is not cacheable. Kernel mode The kernel mode address space is ta as four virtual address segments. One of these, kuseg, is the same as the one in user mode; the other remaining three are kernel segments kseg0, kseg1 and kseg2. Pipeline Architecture Computer  pipeline  is a set of data processing parts connected in series, so that the output of one element is the input of the next one. The elements of a pipeline are often executed in parallel or in time-sliced fashion; in that case, some amount of  buffer storage  is often inserted between elements. Each cycle different instruction is executed in different stages For example, 5-stage pipeline (Fetch-Decode-Read-Execute-Write), The Toshiba R3900 Processor Core executes instructions in five pipeline stages (F: instruction fetch; D: decode; E: execute; M: memory access; W: register write-back). The five stages have the following roles. F : An instruction is fetched from the instruction cache. D : The instruction is decoded. Contents of the general-purpose registers are read.. E : Arithmetic, logical and shift operations are performed. The execution of multiple/divide instructions is begun. M: The data cache is accessed in the case of load and store instructions. W: The result is written to a general register. Each of the above pipeline stage is executed in one clock cycle. When the pipeline is fully used, the five instructions are executed at the same time, which will be resulting in an average instruction execution rate of one instruction per cycle. Delay Slot The R3900 Processor Core instructions are executed with a delay of one instruction cycle. Delay slot is the cycle in which an instruction is delayed. A delay occurs with load instructions and branch/jump instructions. Delayed load Delayed branching Non blocking Load Function In the R3900 processor the non blocking load function stops the pipeline from stalling when a cache miss happens and a refill cycle is needed to refill the data cache. Instructions after the load instruction that do not use registers involved by the load will continue to be executed. Multiply and Multiply/Add Instructions(MULT, MULTU, MADD, MADDU) The R3900 Processor Core is able to execute multiply and multiply/add instructions continuously, and able to use the results in the HI/LO registers in immediately following instructions, without pipeline stall. The processor requires only one clock cycle to use the outcome of a general-purpose register. Divide Instruction (DIV, DIVU) The Processor Core performs division instructions in the division unit independently of the pipeline. Division starts from the pipeline E stage and takes 35 cycles. Streaming The R3900 Processor Core can resume execution immediately after arrival of necessary data or instruction in cache even though cache refill operation is not completed during a cache refill operation. This is referred to as streaming.

Romanticisms Sublime Style in Rip Van Winkle, Legend of Sleepy Hollow

Romanticism's Sublime Style in Rip Van Winkle, Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Billy Budd      Ã‚  Ã‚   "Sublime refers to an aesthetic value in which the primary factor is the presence or suggestion of transcendent vastness or greatness, as of power, heroism, extent in space or time"(Internet Encyclopedia).   This essay will explore different levels of Romanticism's sublime style in Washington Irving's Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and Herman Melville's Billy Budd. The essay will particularly focus on how the writers incorporate the spiritual and the terror aspects of the sublime into their work. American romanticism requires the wilds of nature to be the setting for the sublime. It is in this setting that the protagonist senses a conflict of good and evil. Even though the beautiful surroundings would suggests a pure serenity, the shadows in the beautiful setting reminds one that there is a dark side to nature. In each story there is an antagonist lurking about requiring the protagonist to choose his thinking - and ultimately his destiny. The antagonist in Billy Budd is Claggart, in The Legend of Sleepy Hallow, Brom Bones, and in Rip Van Winkle it could be a toss up between his nagging wife or the "company of odd-looking personages" he meets in the mountains. Essentially it is Longinus, a first century philosopher, who is first credited with introducing the idea of the sublime into the arts (Weiskel 8). Longinus suggests five sources of sublimity in literature: "(1) the ability to conceive great thoughts, (2) intense emotion, (3) powerful figures of speech, (4) the choice of noble words, and (5) harmonious composition of sentences" (Kennedy, vol. 12). Each of Longinus? foundational sources for sublimity suggests an... ...n Boulton 40).    Works Cited Boulton, J. T. Burke?s Enquiry Into The Sublime And The Beautiful. New York: Columbia University, 1958. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 1997. University of Tennessee at Martin. 4 April 2001. http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sublime.htm. Kennedy, George. "Longinus." The World Book Encyclopedia. 1985. Vol. 12:399. Melville, Herman. "Billy Budd." Ed. Paul Lauther. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. New York: Houghton 1998. 2512-2570. Washington, Irving. "The Legend of Sleep Hallow." Ed. Paul Lauther. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. New York: Houghton 1998. 1354-1373. -------- "Rip Van Winkle." Ed. Paul Lauther. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. New York: Houghton 1998. 1342-1354. Weiskel, Thomas. Romantic Sublime. Baltimore: John Hopkins University, 1976.   

Provide Leadership Across the Organisation

PROVIDE LEADERSHIP ACROSS THE ORGANISATION ASSESSMENT BY CHARLOTTE MCMANUS LEADER: The 14th Dalai Lama 1. INTRODUCTION The reason for selecting the Dalai Lama is because he has achieved many things in his life and is now considered amongst many researchers and writers, as one of the greatest leaders of all time. He has been a leader of a country, a religion, and more significantly, the leader of the spiritual world. He is a fascinating character that has experienced many difficult situations which increases the intrigue of this leader and the skills that he possess. He leads and promotes a way of life that encapsulates all humans, in all countries, of all religions, and uses very unique leadership skills, which will be very interesting to study. 1. 2BACKGROUND The Dalai Lama is a re-incarnation of a long line (13 before him) of â€Å"tulkus  (an enlightened Tibetan Buddhist lama/teacher) who descend from the  bodhisattva  Avalokitesvara†. The first Dalai Lama was Gendun Drup who lived in 1391 – 1474. Tenzin Gyatso was enthroned as the 14th Dalai Lama in 1940 when he was five years old, and assumed â€Å"temporal responsibility of Tibet† (www. alailamafoundation. org) when he was 15 years old. He experienced an invasion of Tibet by the Chinese and escaped into exile in India when he was 24, making him the first ever Dalai Lama ever to leave Tibet. The Dalai Lama has dedicated his life to promoting a world free of violence and suffering, where all nature can live in peace and harmony together, irrespective of nationality and religious beliefs. He believes that through meditation, compassion and the respect for all life, each person will achieve happiness and contentment in their life. 1. 3ACHIEVEMENTS The Dalai Lama has achieved many things in his life to date, including being awarded with one of the most recognised awards in the world in 1989; The Nobel Peace Prize, which is a true indication of his world-recognised contributions to promote peace. To achieve this award the Dalai Lama has spent his entire life striving to create a more peaceful environment for the human race, with a great focus on reclaiming human rights in Tibet. This mission has seen him travel all over the world, meeting with leaders of many countries presenting new initiatives and being relentless in his message and strength to resolve these issues. These include his appeals to the United Nations during his exile, in 1959, 1961 and 1965, which resulted in three resolutions being adopted by the General Assembly. In 1987 he presented the â€Å"Five Point Peace Plan† to the Congressional Humans Rights Caucus. This was an appeal to the US Congress for the restoration of human rights in Tibet and to announce it as a zone of peace, therefore stopping the dumping of nuclear waste in Tibet, as well as urging â€Å"earnest negotiations on the future of Tibet and relations between the Tibetan and Chinese people† (http://nobelprize. org). In 1989 he offered the â€Å"Middle Way Proposal† at the European Parliament, which was not accepted, however, the Dalai Lama again proposed this in 1996 and 1997, when a preliminary opinion poll was held and the policy was adopted by Parliament. In April 1991, Tenzin Gyatsu travelled to the US and met with George Bush, which ended a boycott with the nation, and also resulted in US Congress passing the â€Å"Tibetan Policy Act 2002†, formalising US support for dialogue between China and the Dalai Lama, and also providing funding to Tibet for development projects within the country. This was a very strategic decision ade by the Dalai to create a valuable relationship with one of the most powerful counties in the world, and also resulted in the US awarding the Dalai Lama with the highest civilian award, the Congressional Gold Medal, in 2007. Whilst negotiating with parliaments and congress worldwide, the Dalai Lama has rebuilt communities for those living in exile, set up educational, cultural and religious institutions all over the world to assist in maintaining the Tibetan culture and teach Buddhism. He still continues to lead a population of an estimated â€Å"500 million Buddhists worldwide† (http://www. thedhamma. com). 1. 4LEADERSHIP CHARACTERISTICS It is very clear that the Dalai Lama’s objectives are to restore â€Å"equality, respect, trust and mutual benefit† (www. nobelprize. org) between Tibet and China. His concerns are for â€Å"all members of the human family† (www. nobelprize. org), and he has remained consistent and relentless in his message which has resulted in loyalty and dedication from his followers. Personal values are very important to this leader, and he sets a moral example to his followers, yet also during the most difficult situations he still appears to act rationally. For example, it is reported that â€Å"20% of the Tibetan population have died in combat with the Chinese† (www. dityabirla. com), yet he consistently acts with integrity, compassion and empathy, whilst remaining strategic and controlled in his negotiations with this nation. The Dalai Lama’s values and morals are what lead him; this encourages his followers to also align their values with his. He sticks to his principles of right conduct, and therefore sets a moral example to his followers, which results in their unwavering support for him and his cause. These values and morals have prevented the Dalai Lama from behaving violently when in a threatening situation as they are part of his psychological makeup, and moral reasoning. Theory Y is applicable in this scenario as the Dalai Lama leads on the premise that people are intrinsically motivated, meaning that how they feel will impact and influence them more than external motivation. Because of his spiritual strengths the Dalai Lama has developed the highest stage of moral reasoning, which as Kohlberg has expressed is not always possible. Whilst Gyatsu’s morals remain the most important driver in his leadership, his culture is also something he is very proud of and is something that he is consistently working to retain. This is evident through his part in the leading the development of towns of Tibetans in exile across the world that celebrate and acknowledge the Tibetan culture, in particular, Buddhism, which has also clearly driven his behaviours and attitudes towards life. There are numerous groups following the Dalai Lama’s Buddhist teachings, with followers travelling all over the world to get the opportunity to meet or listen to his teachings live. This group cohesion ensures reciprocal influence and maximises the influence of his messages, which is another reason why the Dalai Lama spends so much of his time travelling. He regularly visits these groups to minimise interpersonal conflicts between the groups. It also allows for new groups to form at each event, which results in the group development process repeating itself throughout the world. The Dalai Lama’s leadership is both authentic and servant leadership. He promotes self-awareness, openness and inclusivity within the human family, yet he also acts as a servant for the people of Tibet to fight for their right to live in peace. I would say that the Dalai Lama is a transformational leader who provides vision for his followers and inspires them to â€Å"embrace his vision† of peace and happiness for all. He allows them to dream of what they can achieve, then designs a way for them to achieve it, and then continues to develop it through initiatives and programs that allow the vision to materialise, as we have seen in section 1. 3 â€Å"Achievements†. 1. 5TYPE OF POWER Due to his position within the Buddhism community the Dalai Lama possesses referent power over his followers, this has developed over a long period of time, which has allowed his followers to witness his leadership skills and what he is prepared to experience/sacrifice for his beliefs. This has resulted in his following growing consistently over the past 70 years, as people trust, respect and love him, therefore increasing his influence and support. As it is believed that the Dalai Lama is a reincarnation of the 13th Dalai Lama he also possesses a level of legitimate power that has been passed down to him when he was enthroned as the 14th Dalai Lama. This legitimate power would only be relevant to those that believe in Buddhism, therefore believe in the concept of reincarnation. This legitimate power is not a power that the Dalai Lama exercises, as he claims that he is â€Å"a simple monk from Tibet, I am no one special† (Nobel Prize acceptance speech). This claim also contributes to the respect that his followers have for him and also helps them relate to him through his personalised leadership, resulting in stronger bonds being formed. The Dalai Lama is also a community leader, as he does not have position power from any country, and also has minimal resources to communicate his message through. He also possesses the skills to build social capital, as discussed above and mobilisation, through the travel he does all over the world to communicate with his followers. 1. 6PERSONAL TRAITS The Dalai Lama uses his personal traits to communicate with people more effectively, which in turn ensures he gains their trust and respect. He is often smiling at people, listens intently, and always maintains eye contact with the listening or speaker. He appears to be comfortable discussing all topics and never interrupts the speaker during conversation, but listens, encourages them to continue and then responds calmly. The Dalai Lama speaks three languages, Tibetan, Chinese and English. This ensures he can communicate and connect strongly with his fellow countrymen in Tibet. It is also important that he can communicate effectively with those that he has conflicts with, the Chinese. English is also a language he has learnt, as this is the most common language spoken in the Western world and therefore means maximum exposure of his message to those across the world. When people talk about their encounter with the Dalai Lama, many mention his insatiable laugh and kind smile that result in them â€Å"warming to him† (www. youtube. com) and instantly wanting to listen and absorb his message. It has been reported by some, that he possesses an aura that has an amazingly positive effect on a person and is communicated to the receiver purely through facial expressions, including eye contact. As these aspects of the communication process makes up 50% of the message, it therefore ensures clarity and understanding for the receiver of the message. . 7LESSONS TO BE LEARNT The Dalai Lama has a lot to teach those that analyse his leadership skills, but I would say that the most profound teaching is that you must connect with your followers, by gaining their trust and commitment. This can only be achieved by being consistent in your message, whilst acting with integrity, and providing your group or team with a vision, and assisting with achieving the fi nal goal through support and development of the vision. It is also important to leave regrets behind and take forward the lessons which have been learnt by past mistakes, which ensures group cohesion, therefore maximising the chances of achieving that goal or objective. To be a successful leder you must be passionate about achieving your objective, as this will be communicated to your followers, therefore encouraging loyalty and passion iin them, whilst inspiring them to achieve their goal. Mentoring is also another important aspect of leadership, as it ssists in the changing of behaviours and also encourages aspirations in the less experienced, whilst passing on valuable skills and lessons learnt from a more experienced leader. This has been apparent by the lessons and support that the Dalai Lama has received from many leaders around the world, including religious political and organisational, and also by the time he spent as a child learning about Buddhism and Tibetan culture. 1. 8CONCLUSION In conclusion, it has been very interesting and inspiring to read about this leader, i have learnt about many skills that are required to be a successful and inspirational leader. However, this spiritual leader may have many more skills that I believe cannot be duplicated without many hours of meditation and the study of his culture. Yet, this in itself highlights how effective the Dalai Lama is in communicating his message in relation to Buddhism, and how inspirational he really is.

An Unstable Pakistan

An Unstable Pakistan Free Online Research Papers Pakistan is unfortunately in the state of internal unrest and instability since independence. Different forms of governments had been applied to the country, by people of different visions, every one of them claiming to bring better tomorrow to the nation but unfortunately they made fool of people. We are facing the crisis from the very beginning and are repeating our old mistakes. If we take an analytical view, South Korea, a developed country, took independence in 1945 (two years earlier than Pakistan) is now the 4th largest economy in Asia and 13th biggest economy in the world. It is the world leader in innovation and technology; advanced goods such as electronics, automobiles, ships, machinery, petrochemicals and robotics are the main exports and world-renowned companies Samsung, LG and Hyundai-Kia have their head offices there. On the contrary, Pakistan is nowhere in the scene. Pakistan is a member of G-20 developing nations and stands as the 47th largest economy in the world in absolute dollar terms; thanks to the poor farmers in agriculture sector. Population of the country is growing on an exponential scale and on the other hand economy, which needs strengthening, is suffering badly due to internal politics. The ruling politicians are making decisions for their own benefits and with no structural planning. Difference between classes is increasing day by day. Money is still evolving among those few families who had owned Pakistan at the time of partition. Inflation is increasing with an unimaginable rate and poor people are not able to get the basic necessities for living. These are the facts about current economical situation of the country, which are results of the actions of few people and are affecting the lives of millions. People in Pakistan are prisoners of their own identities; but there is something else, which is the root cause of all this – â€Å"corruption.† This is that cruel beetle that is eating the foundations needed for the country to prosper. It is increasing its sphere everyday. The people of Pakistan are used to this and this has become a part of our lives. This is the main cause of our weakening economical situation and everyone in the country is playing his or her role in this. In almost all government offices, corruption exists in one form or the other, be it irresponsible attitude of employees, bribery or the preference of their personal interests over professional interests. It is such a common ‘stock in trade’ that instead of considering it an issue, we can name it ‘a trend’ Bribery is considered haram in our religion as it is stated in : Volume 3, Book 41, Number 572: Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, Whoever takes the money of the people with the intention of repaying it, Allah will repay it on his behalf, and whoever takes it in order to spoil it, then Allah will spoil him. We pray to god five times a day but we don’t care for the people living around us. Corruption is rooted deep in our society and whenever we have some pending work, we always try to find a known person in that office and thus get rid of the tiresome practice of standing in the queue. We do pay charity and sadqa but instead of paying traffic chalan, we offer bribe to the traffic sergeant in order to save our time and money. This is a wrong practice, morally as well as religiously. We go to graveyards and realize that this is the place where we will rest forever; even then we collect money from illegal sources and build large villas to live in those virtual mansions. Getting the general idea from these examples, we do practice our religion but ignore our morals teachings, which are one of the strongest pillars of Islam. Downfall of the nations starts from corruption and nepotism, which consequently leads to injustice and frustration among the masses. Nowadays, sermon in the mosques are about paying attention for prayers, giving zakat, doing hajj etc. But we really need some metamorphosis in our religious teachings. The religious scholars and imams of mosques should realize that most people are aware of these things and they do practice them. Even the corrupt ones in our society visit Ka’aba on and off. They should now focus on the moralities and society building, which are the thing in which we are lacking and we direly need to fix it. If religious people are able to change the minds of people and make them realize that these things are important for them individually and for the society; than these men would be the saviors of Muslims. Clergies should tell people that corruption is the eating up of rights of other people and relate it to Islam in a systematic way to change their minds so that our future generations should have anode minds. They should emphasize on Islamic moral, social and economic systems, and interpret before people the laws pertaining to these issues. These steps would help building a corruption free society. Now we talk about the corruption on the macro level in Pakistan. It is the root cause of our decline as it is prevalent from a clerk to the office of Mr. President. With that in mind, it is safe to say that expert sources indicate that the following sectors are among those that are most affected by corruption (the particular order varies from source to source): Police and law enforcement Judiciary and legal profession Power sector Tax and customs Health and education Land administration In addition, these sectors seem to be affected by chains of: Petty corruption to access public services or to bypass the law (through the direct interaction of citizens with the respective authorities and bribe-paying) Middle and grand corruption (through corruption in public contracting and procurement as well as direct misappropriation of public funds by senior officials). In addition, political patronage, conflicts of interest, influence peddling and other forms of corrupt behavior are commonplace across the sectors. Procurement seems to be a major concern across most sectors Now am going to discuss some sectors corruption in details Police and law enforcement: Corruption in the police and law enforcement is perceived to be pervasive creating a culture of lawlessness and lack of credibility and trust in authorities. The police and law enforcement appointments are often politicized and full of conflict of interest. Criminals and rent-seeking and extortionist authorities are often the sole beneficiaries of the game. Judiciary and legal profession: There is widespread lack of public confidence in the institutional legitimacy of the justice system. Access to justice and the rule of law are undermined by corruption and are under a threat. Alongside the corrupt judiciary is the legal profession with low ethics of lawyers and poor controls of the bodies (such as the Pakistan Bar Council) responsible for maintaining the high standards that should be required of it. Power sector corruption: This government sector is full of corruption as people even after paying their bills of expensive electricity and gas don t get it properly. On the other hand, people in this sector take full advantage by using excess of free electricity and gas. Meter reader makes their money by bargaining with households and others, causing losses to government. WAPDA had got the most corrupt account system in the government sector. There came many cases in which imbalances were there in the aggregate money of the WAPDA account. Tax and custom: There is book â€Å"Corruption in Pakistan† by Susan Rose-Ackerman in which she writes, â€Å"Paying taxes and duties is always burdensome. In addition, custom agents control something that firm’s value-access to the outside world. Thus business and individuals may collude with tax collectors and custom agents to lower the sums collected and to expedite services. As a result revenue may be both inadequate and disturbed unfairly. For example, in Pakistan one study estimated that if the leakages caused by corruption and mismanagement could be reduced by 50 percent, the tax to GDP ratio will increase by 2 to 4 percent.† So this is how much corruption is affecting our country’s uplift. Corruption is excessive in tax sector as well as imports and exports audit. Health and education: Indirectly corruption is root cause behind the failure of public services to local communities, including access to primary education and primary health care. Pakistan’s first education census exposes an ugly side of corruption prevalent in the education sector (Government of Pakistan 2005). The census revealed that of a total of 164,579 public sector schools in the country 12,737 educational institutions are ‘non-functional’. The teachers of most government school hardly come and are just concerned with their attendance. Some schools that are in feudal influenced areas are turned into cow farm, machinery place etc. Health sector is also not spared from the ill effects of corruption. Quack health care providers are everywhere in rural and semi-urban areas, where people can’t afford expensive MBBS doctors. Making the people pay their lives for paying small money. Another dimension of the corrupt practices prevalent in health is the inhumane and materialistic behavior by doctors. As per the law of the country, all publicly employed doctors are forbidden from practicing privately and many of them receive non–practicing allowances as part of their non salary allowances. However, most of the publicly employed doctors are seen operating lucrative private sector clinics while working in hospitals and often use the public sector leverage to boost their private practice. Even in few hospitals uptil now, people pay some money to doctors to get extra health care and medicines; eating away the rights of other unwell people. Land administration: It is still one of the most corrupt sector of Pakistan. In Pakistan (TI 2002b), a survey showed that 133 out of 1724 respondents recalled contacting the land administration department and faced corruption. Main reasons to contact the department were transfer of property (25%0, buying land (24% and selling land (17%). Surveyors and tehsilders (revenue officers) appeared be most involved. Land mafia is very active in most parts of Pakistan. They get hold of the lands of innocent people and than it’s very difficult to extract lands from them. Putwari and tehsilders jobs are considered to be the most corrupt job of this sector. Their scale is very small as well as pay but they make so up and down in the money that they build bungalows and have luxury cars. Strong feudals give money to these men in jobs and take more water for their lands. So government money keeps on evolving among few effective corrupt people. Public sector procurement and contracting: There have been major concerns in this area. There is large-scale corruption in procurement and contracting affecting government and development aid funded programmes, public works, etc. Some of the systemic weaknesses have included the lack of a standardized procurement regime (sets of clear, transparent rules and legislation) along with absence of repository of procurement expertise in the government. Grounds and opportunities for corruption are provided at every stage of the procurement process (from preparation to tender, bid evaluation, negotiations, and contracting) All the Pakistani government departments are entirely polluted by involvement of politicians on nepotism appointments and everywhere in Pakistan, without money no body hear the general peoples. Even judges bargain very openly between the parties to give money and take their decisions. Anti-corruption proceedings have long been suspected of being skewed. They are mainly directed against members of the political opposition and minor civil servants while leaving the conduct of military officials outside scrutiny. Moreover, the National Reconciliation Ordinance of October 2007 has granted blanket immunity for past corrupt actions, shielding many public officials and members of the government from prosecution. The dismissal of members of the Supreme Court, including Chief Justice Chaudhry, has led to violent civil unrest and further shaken the public’s trust in the judiciary to undertake anti-corruption prosecution. How to overcome corruption: So far we have looked at corruption as a disease of our society. It could be the cancer of our society or the AIDS of our society or a genetic disease of our society itself. Applying the concept of lateral thinking promoted by Edward De bono, we can see how corruption as a disease of our society can be tackled. Corruption can be fought by the citizen as an individual or in groups in the form of an NGO. Just as an individual first has to maintain his own integrity before he takes on the challenge of fighting corruption, NGOs which are formed to fight corruption should first ensure that they themselves are clean and do not indulge in corrupt practices. It has been noticed that there are many NGOs that are indulged in corrupt practices. If such NGOs also take up the issue of fighting corruption, they are not likely to be successful. I think, basically most of us are selfish. When we face a problem, we are interested in finding immediate solutions. It may sometimes involve breaking the queue or breaking the rules or sometimes it may involve a financial advantage. How many of us insist on a regular receipt when we buy things with the sales tax duly added? In order to save on sales tax, cash transactions have become more the rule than the exception. Perhaps, the scope of corruption also in such departments is also correspondingly higher. What do we do in such a situation? The easiest option is not to do anything, accept the reality and take a cynical view to live with corruption. It will be like that situation where an astrologer advised a worried client that he was having all the problems because in his horoscope Saturn and Jupiter were in very harmful places and this might continue for the next two years. Hopefully, the client asked: â€Å"What will happen after two years?† The astrologer told him that he would get accustomed to it! Perhaps the majority of the people in the country are adopting this advice. Educational system can be another major area where values can be inculcated and the need for integrity ingrained. Perhaps an open discussion especially about the nexus between corruption and its negative impact on social development has to be ingrained in the public. Once this value gets institutionalized, perhaps we would have made some progress. Looking to the situation that the corruption is accepted cynically and is not considered a negative factor in politics, the following elements of strategy may be considered to curtail corruption: The first step needed is creating widespread and continuous awareness among the public signal about the dangers of corruption. It is necessary to highlight the fact that how corruption, in fact, is at the root of the many issues that worry and cause dissatisfaction among the public. This could be in the form of inadequate availability of employment opportunities, drinking water, schools, roads and so on If the common man is more bothered about the corruption at the cutting edge rather than at the higher level, can there be a systemic focus on eliminating corruption at the cutting edge! This initiative will have to come from the people at the top. Any government, from a political point of view, may not mind focusing on the cutting edge level corruption as this may win them some popularity. So far as the higher level corruption is concerned, perhaps the common man gets a sadistic pleasure if some of the top people are punished Another approach, which is of a long-term nature, is to see how some of the institutions of governance can be strengthened. This will be not only institutions fighting against corruption but also institutions meant for providing the welfare of the people or even maintenance of law and order. It is because of the failure of governance, which creates an atmosphere, and corruption flourishes. This is an approach that has to be thought of and any government, which tries this probably, will be able to overcome the anti-incumbency factor. Finally the value a person imbibes depends on his family circumstances, the society in which he lives, peer pressure and religion. No religion recommends that one should be corrupt but religions also have recognized the weakness of human beings and tried to regulate their conduct. Our religion tells us not to take a single penny from anyone illegally. In taking into account the experience of countries like Britain, Singapore or Botswana which have been able to bring greater probity in public life, perhaps we may also hope for a social transformation by adopting a multi pronged strategy. One important element of this strategy must be system changes. Another element must be the shaping of the minds of people through education. A third of course would be the efforts of religious and public opinion leaders as well as by media in continuously shaping public opinion and re-inculcating the values of integrity and honesty. Research Papers on An Unstable PakistanInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaQuebec and CanadaDefinition of Export QuotasAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceTwilight of the UAW

buy custom Computer Networks and Information Technologies essay

buy custom Computer Networks and Information Technologies essay Web application is the application that can be accessed by the use of a network. A web application can also be described as an application of computer software that is coded using a language that is supported by a computer system. Web applications can be developed either traditionally or by the use of AJAX. The traditional way of developing a web application involves the use of logical chunks called tiers (Tanenbaum, 2002, p. 123). There are different tiers namely one tier, two tier, three tier and n tier. The web browser is usually developed by the first tier, and it is usually the engine that uses the changing web content technology. The second tier usually forms the application logic and the third tier forms the storage part of the web application. The web browser or the first tier usually sends requests to the second tier which services them by inquiring and updating the databases that generate a user interface. This method is focused on the server side to create a web applicatio n. The traditional method can be contrasted with the AJAX method. This is a web development method that is used on the client side. It creates a web application by the use of asynchronous JavaScript (Tanebaum, 2002, p. 124). The difference between the two methods is that the traditional method is server related and synchronous while AJAX is client related and asynchronous.The following problems can be encountered when using the Ajax. First is that the pages that are usually created using a lot of Ajax requests do not always register themselves automatically with the history of the browser. This means that if a client clicks the back button of the browser then he or she may not be returned to the earlier state of the Ajax enabled page but instead he or she may be returned to the last page visited before it (Thomas, 2005, p. 76). Secondly, the dynamic page updates may interfere with the interactions of the user especially if the internet is unstable. This problem will, however, depend on the nature of the Ajax application that has been used. An example of this problem is when a user is editing a search field he may trigger a query to the server to complete the search but the user will not know that a pop up for a completed search is coming and the user may proceed to do something else because of the delay of the pop up window (Thomas, 2005, p. 78). Thirdly, interfaces that are powered by Ajax may increase the number of requests that are generated by the user to web servers and their databases. This will lead to delayed responses and create the need of additional hardware.Question 2A protocol is a set of rules or guidelines which guide the operations of the software and hardware of computers. The four main protocols of the web service are the Simple Object Access Protocol, Hypertext Transfer Protocol, Internet protocol and Transmission Control protocol. The SOAP is used to access information from the web by the user. Every message in this protocol has a sender, a final receiver and intermediaries. This protocol allows different sites to communicate with each other. HTTP is an application protocol. It is a protocol used in information systems that are distributive and collaborative in nature. It is the foundation of communicating data on the World Wide Web. The Internet Protocol is a synthesis of several developments that have been there since the sixties and they are used in the internet and the local area network (Aagesen, 2010, p. 154). It has four layers, which help in its functioning namely link, internet, transport and application layers.Advantages of using web servicesThey provide services for the third parties on the internet. The third parties are usually the users of websites. They also do not need any procedures for upgrading them because there is usually a constant implementation of new features on the server. Another advantage is that web services do not require any complicated procedures when they are being set up. The only thi ng that is needed is a web browser that is compatible with the web applications (McClure, 2001. p. 178). Another advantage is that web applications blend easily with other web procedures that are focused on the server side, for example, email. The web service also provides a platform that is compatible across all networks. This is because they function within a single web browserDisadvantages of using web services.One of the disadvantages of the web services is that the applications of the browser usually rely on application files that are accessed on servers that are remote and they are accessed through the internet. This means that when there is an interruption in the network, the application cannot be used. Another disadvantage is that web services function well with web browsers that are compatible. This means that if a browser lacks certain features or does not follow a particular platform then certain functions may not be carried out by users, and this may affect the users dir ectly (McClure, 2001, p. 178). Another disadvantage is that web services depend on the availability of the server that is delivering the application. This means that if a server is destroyed or closed then the users will be affected.Web orchestrationThis can be defined as an arrangement, coordination and management of a computer system. Orchestration usually relates the way business processes are executed. It aligns the business requests with the applications and infrastructure. Web orchestration usually creates applications which are aligned and can be scaled down on the basis of needs of each application (Shannon, 2006, p. 114). Orchestration also helps in management processes such as billing and metering by providing a centralized management of resourcesWeb choreography, on the other hand, is a business process modelling language. It describes protocols that help in the cooperation of the web services. It is a form of service composition in which the way protocols between several partners interact is defined from a global perspective. The main distinction between web orchestration and web choreography is between the languages that are the business process execution language (WS-BPEL) and the web service choreography description language (WS-CDL). Another difference is that web orchestration is an executable process while web choreography is a collaboration of many interested parties. Web orchestration, therefore, focuses on the execution of specific business processes while web choreography focuses on the interactions between web services (Shannon, 2006, p. 109).Question 3One tierThis is a computer system which constitutes a configuration, a mainframe host and a directly connected terminal. The advantage of this tier is that it is easy to develop and maintain. The disadvantage is that it is shallow and does not recognise most of the software and web browsers used by most computer systems.Two tierThis is where resources are requested by the client and a dire ct response is initiated by the server using its resources. The server, therefore, does not require the help of another application to provide part of the service. Its advantage is that it directly responds to all the requests of the client and hence the client communicates directly with the server (Chaba, 2011, p. 23). Its disadvantage is that it uses only simple file sharing techniques and, therefore, cannot be used by complex files. It also does not facilitate information systems that are very large.Three tierHere, the client implements the presentation logic and the business logic is implemented on the application server. It has three components namely the front-end component which provides portable presentation logic, the back end component which provides access to dedicated services and a middle tier component which enables users to share and control the business logic (Griffiths, 2010, p. 65). Its advantages are that its interfaces are independent from each other and, therefo re, easy functionality. It is also more flexible, and there is increased security and performance. Its disadvantage is that the lack of dependability between the interfaces is bad when there is a problem that needs to be solved by all the interfaces.N tierThese are architectures that are thin all over. Here, the middle tier component connects with various types of services. It integrates and pairs the services to the client and to each other as opposed to the three tiers. Its advantage is that it accommodates all types of services and, therefore, it gives the use a variety of choices hence not limiting what the user can do. Its disadvantage is that the services might be too much to be accommodate and hence making the connection slow. Buy custom Computer Networks and Information Technologies essay

Effect of Gradient on the Abundance of Ranunculus Repens Coursework

Effect of Gradient on the Abundance of Ranunculus Repens - Coursework Example First action to betaken is to identify the cause of the disease. This made me to study on the causes of the disease and what I found was that is caused by a plant called Ranunculus repens. This concerned me and I had to do a project on this plant. This is because Ranunculus repens have both the negative and positive effects on the environment. One of the reasons that I chose to do a project on Ranunculus repens is because of its unique property that can be used to treat musculoskeletal disorders. According to PFAF, chewing leaves of this plant will help in healing muscular pain. Therefore, my research can help us to understand the optimum conditions required for Ranunculus repens to grow so that higher yields of the plant can be obtained for its medicinal usage. The other reason for choosing Ranunculus repens as a project is that it is thought to be poisonous for humans and animals if eaten fresh and I think this is something that we as humans should be aware of especially agricultur alists. According to Garden Organic Ranunculus repens â€Å"can cause diarrhea in sheep and cattle. Ranunculus repens depletes potassium in soil making it inadequate for other plants. Therefore this particular plant is not suitable for grazing, especially cattle. My project can provide useful material for farmers about the plant e.g. where they mostly occur. Based on my project Farmers may decide not to graze their animals on a place where Ranunculus repens are most common in order to obtain higher meat yields. The farmers may also decide to manage their grassland to minimize the growth of Ranunculus repens to avoid its noxious effect. An alternative reason for choosing this plant involves its unique and attractive colour and structure. â€Å"It is essential to preserve our remaining natural heritage for future generations. Wildlife and geological features are under pressure from development, pollution, climate change and unsustainable land management. Therefore it is useful to st udy the important biological properties of the plants in order to maintain them e.g. by knowing their niche will help us to provide the best conditions possible for Ranunculus repens to survive and develop. Scientific background Ranunculus repens has many features that makes that makes it survive in its habitats. It grows well in wet environments as compared to its growth in dry conditions. Ranunculus repens competes for light, moisture and nutrients with other plants. This pressure has made it to have some adaptations to this environment. They are submerged in water making them lose diffusion pathways of getting oxygen between their roots and the atmosphere. This made roots to have elongated shoots that help them get oxygen from the atmosphere. Both leaves and the shoots come grow outward to the water surfaces to help the plant get oxygen from the air. Bodies of Ranunculus repens are submerged in water. They strive to get oxygen, light and nutrients from the environment. They get l ight through their leaves that are growing to the water surfaces. This helps them to absorb light from the atmosphere and make their food through photosynthesis. The leaves also help them get oxygen from the environment. All these features have made wet conditions suitable for their survival. Hypothesis of this research is to identify the effects of land gradient on the growth of Ranunculus repens. Null Hypothesis - There will be no difference in the abundance of Ranunculus rep

LL Bean Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

LL Bean - Case Study Example Also, future research can focus on specific target values based on greater information regarding the actual values prevalent in the measurement procedures of L.L. Bean. Keywords: L.L. Bean; customer requirements; target values; measurement L.L Bean demonstrates a case of a highly customer-centric organization that promises to deliver superior customer service by offering constant customer support and specialty shoes for activities such as hunting. At the crux of L.L Bean’s customer service is its 100% money back guarantee since the company believes in â€Å"treating its customers like human beings†. Given the high level of customer service, it is important to analyze the salient customer requirements along with measurement techniques for the same. Finally, target values are being assessed to ensure that the requirements are fulfilled. L. L. Bean’s dedication to superior customer service is reflected in its promise of 100% money back guarantee on all its products at any time. This is combined with the excellent after sales service provided for product returns. Therefore, one of the major customer requirements that L.L Bean is catering to is high quality of the product including the durability and reliability of the product. Furthermore, the company caters to the need of wearing shoes particular for certain situations which has been satisfied by the provision of ‘specialty shoes’, particularly, the Maine hunting shoe that is lightweight and remains dry. Most importantly, however, L.L Bean caters to the customer’s need for ordering without having to visit the store. This is particularly true for customers who may be pressed for time and find it convenient to order via mail through the mail order catalogue. L.L Bean, therefore, offers full catalogues as well as seasonal catalogues for customers interested in knowing the specifications, looks and prices of specialty products as well as their regular line. This is supplemented by the company’s website which offers customers the facility of shopping online without having to visit the retail outlet. The added convenience of having multiple modes of payment further encourages customers to shop online easily. The company also caters to customers’ need to obtain prompt response by providing customer service throughout the year and throughout the day. This also serves the purpose of assisting those customers who may have further queries or desire additional information after reading the mail catalogue. Therefore, assurance is provided to customers. Finally, L.L Bean caters to customers’ requirements of fast delivery and efficient logistics by partnering with third-party logistics which is Federal Express. This is because the company keeps speed as an important order winner as part of its operations management strategy as it knows that slow delivery can lead to customer dissatisfaction. In order to ensure that the final product reaches cust omers on time, the company’s suppliers must also make timely shipments to the company. Therefore, speed is a crucial customer requirement that the company must cater to. The customer requirement for high quality and durable products can be measured using total quality management and six sigma philosophy. At the simplest level, product quality would be measured using the number of ‘quality’ complaints by customers. As a general rule, the target value must not exceed 3 complaints per month. It must be